The negative affects that natural gas drilling in the marcellus shale Essay

The negative affects that natural gas drilling in the marcellus shale region will have on the enviroment and specifically the de - Essay Example Marcellus shale is organic rich and carbonaceous shale of lesser density, and which is found under the subsurface of the regions of West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. As a matter of fact, tiny parts of Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia and Tennessee have also been found to be having Marcellus shale. (1) Almost till the recent past, the avenue of geology hardly considered Marcellus shale to be a primary natural gas source. Even though drilling of wells was carried out at that time itself, yet, the quantity of natural gas produced was too small to be generating any interest in Marcellus shale, for the geologists. During that period, no one could anticipate that natural gas produced from Marcellus would constitute a major chunk of the entire supply (of natural gas), of the US. (1) It was in the year 2002 that the Geological Survey of the United States ascertained that untapped natural gas present in the Marcellus shale was to the tune of 1.9 trillion cubic feet. Subsequently, th e natural gas drilling operations were initiated by Appalachia, LLC in Washington and Pennsylvania, in the year 2003. The supply of natural gas discovered by this company was highly impressive. After that, there has been a rapid growth in the drilling activities in the regions having Marcellus shale. In fact, it has been estimated that as of the year 2007, well over 375 gas wells were authorized in the zone of Pennsylvania. (1) Numerous companies are now conducting drilling operations in the Marcellus shale regions. North Coast Energy, Range Resources, Equitable Production Company, Fortuna Energy and Atlas Energy Resources, to name a few, are some of the players endeavoring to benefit by the potential of Marcellus shale. It has been calculated that as of the year 2010, the number of wells that have been drilled in the zones (with Marcellus shale) is about 1386. Some sections of the natural gas sector are strongly opining that wells of Marcellus shale would yield natural gas enough t o assure profits to companies, at least for the next few decades. (1) Environmental Effects The surge in natural gas drilling operations in the Marcellus shale zones is undoubtedly addressing the all-important issue of unemployment. As a matter of fact, it is being projected that during the course of the next decade approximately 20, 000 jobs would be generated, courtesy the natural gas drilling. Yet, it needs to be admitted that, all that is not without exercising an adverse effect on the environment. (2) In this context, it has to be mentioned that almost all the natural gas drilling companies are now relying on the advanced processes of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. In these processes, several wells are drilled at the same spot and water to the extent of five million gallons is used for each well. Here, the disturbing fact is that there are hardly any companies that recycle the water. In fact, at least as of now, the process of hydraulic fracturing does not come u nder the purview of the Clean Water Act. (2) The various rivers and water bodies that are there in the zones of Marcellus shale add further beauty to the locales. And these very water bodies are being adversely impacted by the huge quantities of used water resulting from drilling operation

Biology news #4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology news #4 - Assignment Example Scientists have put forward that it is important to understand the genes on the Y chromosome as they decide the difference in which manner the cells in males and females read the information expressed by their respective genomes. Y chromosome has shown to shed genes over the course of time as it also depicts a shortening in its length. But analysis of the chromosome in 2012 showed that Y chromosome stabilized itself and loss of genes was stopped for the last 25 million years. Although the genetic make-up of Y chromosome is very difficult to decode, but scientists have found a solution to find the genes on Y chromosome by comparing the DNA to the X chromosome. An important gene on Y chromosome is SRY that determines the male gender and many others are associated with sperm production. Twelve genes on Y chromosome are unique in their characteristic as they are switched on in various cells of the body other than testis. These genes control the expression of various other genes and also the state of genome in other cells. Females have slightly different set of genes which are involved in high regulatory actions. The article brings forward a very significant aspect of the Y chromosome and the research carried out to understand the different genes on Y chromosomes is a step forward in understanding the molecular biology of the genders. However, I think that more research should be carried out to evaluate the ability of Y chromosome to regulate the sex-specific functions in males and exactly how they differ from the X chromosome. I think that understanding the Y chromosome related genes would also aid the scientists in improving their knowledge regarding the X-linked disease patterns and associations with Y